Understanding Flying When Pregnant in the UK
Flying when pregnant in the UK is generally considered safe for most expectant mothers, provided certain precautions are taken and advice is followed. The key is to understand the evolving recommendations, your individual health status, and the specific policies of airlines operating within or from the UK. While the act of flying itself poses minimal direct risk to a healthy pregnancy, the physiological changes your body undergoes and potential environmental factors at altitude warrant informed preparation.
- Consult your GP or midwife before booking flights.
- Be aware of airline cut-off points for pregnancy travel.
- Prioritise comfort, hydration, and movement during flights.
- Understand potential risks and how to mitigate them.
This expert guide addresses the critical aspects of air travel for pregnant individuals in the UK, covering safety considerations, regulatory advice, and practical tips to ensure a smooth and comfortable journey. It aims to equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions, from booking your ticket to landing at your destination.
When Is It Safe to Fly?
For uncomplicated pregnancies, the safest period to fly is typically between the 16th and 28th week. During this trimester, morning sickness often subsides, energy levels are usually higher, and the risk of complications is at its lowest. However, it is imperative to remember that individual circumstances vary significantly. The decision to fly should always be a shared one between you and your healthcare provider, who can assess your personal health, the progression of your pregnancy, and any potential risk factors specific to your situation.
Factors such as a history of premature birth, multiple pregnancies, or pre-existing medical conditions can influence the safety and timing of air travel. Your GP or midwife can offer tailored advice, potentially recommend a specific time frame within your pregnancy for travel, or advise against flying altogether if there are concerns. This medical consultation is not merely a formality; it is a crucial step in ensuring your well-being and that of your baby.
Airline Policies for Pregnant Passengers
Each airline operating in the UK has its own set of regulations regarding pregnant passengers. These policies are designed to manage risk and comply with aviation health guidelines. Generally, most airlines permit travel up to a certain gestational week, after which a doctor's note or medical certificate becomes mandatory, or travel may be prohibited entirely. The common cut-off point for unrestricted travel is often around 28 weeks. Beyond this, airlines typically require a letter from your doctor or midwife confirming your due date and stating that you are fit to fly, and that your pregnancy is uncomplicated.
Crucially, these letters usually need to be dated within a specific timeframe before your flight – often within 7 days of travel for later stages of pregnancy. It is essential to check the specific policy of the airline you intend to fly with well in advance of booking. Websites of major UK carriers like British Airways, easyJet, Ryanair, and Virgin Atlantic will detail their requirements, including any restrictions on travel after a certain number of weeks or if you are carrying multiples. Ignoring these could lead to being denied boarding.
Confirm your airline's pregnancy policy and any required documentation *before* booking your flights to avoid disappointment or last-minute complications.
The type of flight also matters; some airlines may have different rules for short-haul versus long-haul journeys. For example, long-haul flights might be discouraged or have stricter requirements due to the extended duration in a confined space, increasing the risk of issues like deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Always verify the policy for your specific route.
Health Considerations and Safety Measures
While flying when pregnant is usually safe, understanding potential health considerations is paramount. The cabin environment, though pressurised, has lower oxygen levels than at sea level, which can affect some individuals. Pregnant women may also be more susceptible to dehydration and fatigue. Furthermore, the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot in a deep vein, is slightly elevated during pregnancy and can be further increased by long periods of immobility, such as on a flight.
To mitigate these risks, several proactive measures can be taken. Staying well-hydrated is vital; drink plenty of water throughout the journey and avoid excessive caffeine or alcohol, which can contribute to dehydration. Wearing comfortable, loose-fitting clothing is also recommended to aid circulation and prevent discomfort.
Managing Common Pregnancy Discomforts in Flight
Nausea, a common symptom in early pregnancy, might be exacerbated by the motion of an aeroplane. If you are prone to motion sickness, discuss anti-sickness remedies with your doctor or midwife; over-the-counter options may not be suitable during pregnancy. Ginger, in the form of biscuits, sweets, or tea, is often a natural remedy that many find helpful. Choosing a seat over the wing, where turbulence is often less pronounced, can also provide a smoother ride.
Another common issue is flying with blocked ears or discomfort from pressure changes. To help equalise the pressure and prevent discomfort, chew gum, suck on sweets, or perform swallowing exercises during ascent and descent. These simple actions can significantly reduce the sensation of blocked or popping ears.
Swelling in the legs and ankles is also prevalent during pregnancy and can be worsened by sitting for long periods. Elevating your feet when possible, wearing compression stockings (if recommended by your doctor), and regularly moving your legs are key strategies. Simple in-seat exercises, such as flexing and rotating your ankles and feet, can also promote circulation. Aim to get up and walk the aisle (when safe to do so) every hour or so to keep blood flowing.
When to Seek Medical Advice Pre-Flight
It is crucial to consult your healthcare provider if you experience any of the following symptoms before or during pregnancy travel planning: bleeding, severe nausea or vomiting, cramping, persistent headaches, dizziness, swelling in your hands or face, or any concerns about the health and well-being of your pregnancy. These could indicate a condition that makes flying inadvisable. Your doctor's assessment is the most reliable guide to determine your fitness to fly.
If you have a history of DVT or other circulatory issues, or if your pregnancy is considered high-risk (e.g., pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, previous premature birth, multiple gestation), you must have a thorough discussion with your obstetrician or GP. They may advise specific preventative measures, such as prescribing anticoagulant medication or recommending specific types of compression garments. Never assume your condition is compatible with air travel without professional medical clearance. The advice for how soon after operation can you fly or when can you fly after hip replacement highlights the need for medical clearance; pregnancy, while natural, also requires similar consideration.
Preparing for Your Flight: What to Pack and Do
Thorough preparation is key to a comfortable and safe flying experience when pregnant. Packing smart and planning your journey can alleviate stress and ensure you have everything you need at hand. Your carry-on bag should be a well-organised repository of essentials, not just for convenience but for health and comfort.
Start by ensuring you have all necessary medical documentation. This includes your antenatal records, any letters from your doctor or midwife confirming your fitness to fly (especially if you are past a certain gestational week), and details of your medical history. Keep these easily accessible, perhaps in a waterproof pouch, rather than buried deep in your luggage.
Essential Items for Your Carry-On
Hydration is paramount, so pack a reusable water bottle. While you may need to empty it before security, you can refill it afterwards. Snacks are also a good idea; travel can disrupt meal times, and having familiar, healthy snacks can prevent hunger pangs and low blood sugar. Think about items like fruit, nuts, seeds, or energy bars. If you experience nausea, consider bringing ginger sweets or crystallised ginger.
Comfort items are essential for making a long flight more bearable. This could include a neck pillow, a light blanket, and comfortable footwear. If you plan to use compression stockings, pack them and wear them as advised by your healthcare provider. A book, music, or downloaded films can help pass the time and distract from any discomfort. For those who find cabin air drying, eye drops or a hydrating facial mist can be beneficial.
Regarding health, ensure you have any prescribed medications, along with their prescriptions. If you are prone to headaches or indigestion, pack appropriate, pregnancy-safe remedies. It is also wise to carry hand sanitiser and perhaps some travel-sized disinfectant wipes for your tray table and armrests, especially if you are concerned about germs.
Pack a small, portable maternity support belt in your carry-on; it can provide much-needed back support during long periods of sitting, both on the plane and at your destination.
At the Airport and Onboard
Navigating the airport can be tiring. Take your time, utilise any available seating, and don't hesitate to ask for assistance if needed. Many airports offer assistance services for passengers with mobility issues, which can be helpful during pregnancy. For security checks, be prepared to explain your situation if you are carrying essential medical items or wear medical devices. Generally, security staff are accustomed to assisting pregnant travellers.
Once onboard, familiarise yourself with the cabin crew. Let them know you are pregnant and if you have any specific needs or concerns. They are trained to assist passengers and can help ensure your comfort. Remember to recline your seat when possible, utilise the overhead air vents to direct a gentle airflow towards you, and continue with your hydration and movement routine. Pay attention to announcements regarding cabin safety and listen to your body; if you feel unwell or experience any concerning symptoms, alert the cabin crew immediately.
Navigating Specific Pregnancy Stages and Flying
The considerations for flying when pregnant can shift depending on the stage of your pregnancy. While the second trimester is often considered the prime time for travel, the first and third trimesters present unique challenges and require different approaches.
Early pregnancy, particularly the first 12 weeks, is a period of rapid development and can be accompanied by significant symptoms like severe nausea, fatigue, and heightened emotional sensitivity. Some women also experience spotting or cramping, which, while not always serious, can be worrying and might make flying feel less appealing or advisable. If you are experiencing severe symptoms or any bleeding, consult your doctor before considering a flight. For those feeling well, short-haul flights are generally less problematic than long-haul journeys.
Flying in Early Pregnancy
If you choose to fly in early pregnancy, focus on managing nausea and fatigue. Ensure you have a steady supply of safe snacks and stay meticulously hydrated. Opt for seats that offer more legroom if possible, and try to move around frequently. Airlines generally do not have strict restrictions in the very early weeks, but it is always prudent to check their policies and get medical clearance if you have any doubts or pre-existing conditions. The question of can you fly early pregnancy often hinges on symptom severity and medical advice.
The lower cabin pressure and potential for radiation exposure (though minimal and generally considered safe by aviation authorities) are often discussed, but for healthy pregnancies, these are not typically cause for significant alarm for occasional travel. Your doctor can provide specific advice based on your individual health profile.
Flying in Late Pregnancy
As your pregnancy progresses into the third trimester, typically from around 28-32 weeks onwards, airlines become more cautious. Most will require a doctor's note or medical certificate stating your estimated due date and confirming that your pregnancy is uncomplicated. Some airlines may refuse travel altogether after 36 weeks for single pregnancies or 32 weeks for multiple pregnancies.
This is the period where issues like DVT become a greater concern due to increased blood volume and pressure on veins. Strict adherence to hydration, movement, and compression stockings (if advised) is non-negotiable. The question can you fly at 30 weeks pregnant is a common one, and the answer usually depends on airline policy and medical advice. Always carry your letter from your healthcare provider, as it may be requested at check-in or boarding. It is also wise to ensure your travel insurance covers pregnancy, as many policies have specific clauses related to gestational age.
The latest you can fly in pregnancy will be dictated by airline policies and your doctor's advice. For many, the limit is around 36 weeks for single pregnancies, but it is crucial to confirm this with your chosen airline. Consider the proximity of your due date; flying very close to your due date, even if within the airline's limits, carries the risk of labour starting mid-flight or at your destination, which can lead to significant logistical and medical complications.
The decision to fly at any stage of pregnancy should be informed by a thorough understanding of medical advice, airline regulations, and your own body's signals. For those with specific medical histories, such as having had a DVT, the rules for flying after this condition are even more stringent and require specialist medical approval, much like recovering from surgery.
Addressing Common Concerns and Misconceptions
Despite increased awareness, several common concerns and misconceptions about flying when pregnant persist. Understanding the facts behind these can help alleviate anxiety and allow for more informed travel decisions. It is important to rely on evidence-based information and professional medical advice rather than anecdotal evidence or outdated beliefs.
One prevalent concern revolves around the effects of cabin pressure and radiation. While cabin air is pressurised to simulate an altitude of around 1,800-2,400 metres (6,000-8,000 feet), this is generally well-tolerated by healthy pregnancies. The lower oxygen levels are not typically harmful to the foetus. Similarly, radiation exposure from flying is cumulative; a few flights per year will not exceed safe limits, even for pregnant individuals. The dose received from a single flight is comparable to a few days of natural background radiation.
Is Flying Safe During Pregnancy?
The consensus among major health organisations and aviation authorities is that is flying safe when pregnant for the vast majority of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. The risks associated with flying are generally low compared to the potential benefits of travel, such as visiting family or attending important events. However, 'safe' is a relative term, and preparedness is key. Your individual health status and the specific circumstances of the flight are critical factors.
If you have a history of complications like miscarriage, premature labour, or if you are carrying multiples, your doctor may advise against flying or recommend specific precautions. Similarly, conditions like severe anaemia or certain heart conditions could make flying riskier. Always discuss your travel plans with your healthcare provider to get personalised advice.
The question of can you fly with covid is also relevant, especially in the context of travel. While current guidelines may vary, if you have symptoms of COVID-19 or have recently tested positive, you should not fly. Airlines will have specific policies regarding travel after infection or positive tests, and adhering to public health advice is paramount to prevent transmission and ensure your own recovery. Generally, you will need to be symptom-free and potentially provide a negative test result, depending on current regulations.
Another area of concern for some is the potential impact on the baby. While the foetus is well-protected within the womb, significant turbulence could theoretically cause issues, but this is exceptionally rare. The primary risks are to the mother, such as DVT or exacerbation of existing conditions. Understanding how to stop ears popping when flying, as discussed, is a minor discomfort that can be managed.
For those concerned about travel after medical procedures, the recovery time before flying can vary significantly. For example, how long after a DVT can you fly requires strict medical clearance and usually a period of treatment and monitoring to ensure the clot is stable and the risk of further issues is minimal. Similarly, when can you fly after hip replacement depends on the type of surgery, your recovery progress, and your surgeon's approval, often involving a waiting period to allow for initial healing and to reduce the risk of complications like infection or DVT.
Travel Insurance and Legalities
Securing appropriate travel insurance is a critical step for any pregnant traveller, particularly when flying. Standard travel insurance policies often have clauses that exclude or limit coverage for pregnancy-related issues, especially in the later stages of gestation or if the pregnancy is considered high-risk. Therefore, it is vital to read the policy documents carefully and ensure you have adequate cover for your specific needs.
When purchasing travel insurance, you must declare your pregnancy. Many insurers will ask for your gestational week at the time of booking and at the time of travel. Policies may impose a cut-off point, such as 24, 28, or 32 weeks, after which pregnancy-related claims will not be covered, or they may require a medical certificate confirming fitness to fly. Some policies might charge an additional premium for pregnancy cover.
What to Look for in Travel Insurance
When selecting travel insurance for your flight, look for policies that specifically mention pregnancy cover. Key elements to check include:
- Gestational limits: What is the maximum week of pregnancy the policy covers?
- Medical certificate requirements: Will you need a doctor's letter, and what is the required date for this letter?
- Cover for premature birth: Does the policy cover medical expenses if you go into premature labour abroad?
- Repatriation cover: In case of serious illness or premature birth, does it cover the cost of returning you and your baby to the UK?
- Exclusions: Are there any specific pregnancy-related conditions or scenarios that are not covered?
Many standard policies will exclude cover for travel against medical advice or if you are travelling beyond a certain week of pregnancy without a medical certificate. It is also important to ensure your insurance covers any pre-existing conditions that may be exacerbated by pregnancy or travel.
The most decision-critical phrase is ensuring your policy covers you for travel up to your gestational week of return.
If you are unsure about any aspect of your insurance policy, contact the provider directly to clarify. Do not assume coverage; always get explicit confirmation in writing if necessary.
Legal and Regulatory Considerations
In the UK, there are no specific laws prohibiting pregnant women from flying, but airlines are private entities and can set their own operational policies. These policies are primarily driven by safety recommendations from aviation authorities and medical bodies. Airlines have a duty of care to their passengers, which includes assessing risks associated with travel.
While not a legal requirement in the same way as a passport, carrying a doctor's note or medical certificate can be crucial for compliance with airline rules, especially in later pregnancy. Failure to present the required documentation when travelling beyond the airline's stated limit can result in being denied boarding, with no entitlement to compensation or a refund. It is also wise to be aware of any specific travel advisories issued by the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) for your destination, although these are rarely pregnancy-specific unless there are significant health risks in the region.
Alternative Travel Options When Flying Isn't Suitable
While flying when pregnant in the UK is often feasible, there are times when it may not be the best option. This could be due to medical advice, airline restrictions, personal comfort, or a preference for slower-paced travel. Fortunately, several alternative modes of transport can offer a more comfortable and accessible way to travel.
When considering alternatives, factors like journey duration, comfort, accessibility, and potential health risks should be weighed against those associated with flying. For shorter to medium distances, trains and cars are popular choices. For longer journeys, especially overseas, ferries can be a viable option.
Train Travel
Train travel is often considered a more relaxed and comfortable alternative to flying. UK train services provide more space to move around, recline seats, and often have onboard catering facilities. The risk of deep vein thrombosis is significantly lower than on long flights due to the ability to walk the aisles freely and the generally smoother ride. Many train stations and services are well-equipped to assist passengers with mobility needs, which can be beneficial during pregnancy.
Booking a seat with extra legroom or a first-class ticket can enhance comfort on longer journeys. Ensure you stay hydrated and take short breaks to walk the carriage. For international travel, the Eurostar offers a comfortable and relatively quick way to reach mainland Europe from London, avoiding the stress of airport security and the confines of an aircraft cabin.
Car Travel
Driving offers the ultimate flexibility, allowing you to travel at your own pace, stop whenever needed, and carry more luggage. However, for longer journeys, sitting in one position for extended periods can still lead to discomfort and increase the risk of DVT. It is crucial to plan regular stops (at least every two hours) to get out, walk around, and stretch.
Ensure your car seat is adjusted for maximum comfort, especially for your back. Consider using a lumbar support cushion. If the journey is very long, splitting it over multiple days with overnight stops can make it more manageable. Always ensure you have your antenatal notes with you when travelling by car, in case of any medical emergencies.
Ferry Travel
For travel to Europe or within the UK (e.g., to islands), ferries can be an excellent alternative. Modern ferries often offer comfortable seating areas, private cabins, restaurants, and shops, making the journey more akin to a short cruise. The open space on deck can be refreshing, and the gentle motion of the sea is usually less jarring than air travel. Ferries can also accommodate more luggage than airlines.
When travelling by ferry, check the embarkation and disembarkation procedures. Some ferries can be quite large, and walking distances within the terminal and on the vessel can be considerable. Booking a cabin can provide a private space to rest during the journey. As with other modes of transport, staying hydrated and moving around when possible is advisable.
Each alternative has its own set of considerations, but for many pregnant travellers, they can provide a less stressful and more comfortable experience than flying, especially when airline restrictions or personal health concerns are a factor.
Maximising Comfort and Well-being in the Air
Ensuring comfort and well-being during a flight is paramount when pregnant. Beyond the essential safety considerations, focusing on practical strategies can transform a potentially stressful experience into a manageable and even pleasant one. This involves proactive planning and mindful behaviour throughout the journey.
The cabin environment can be dry and the seating restricted, which can exacerbate common pregnancy discomforts like swelling, fatigue, and backache. By anticipating these issues and implementing simple remedies, you can significantly improve your experience. The goal is to minimise physical strain and maximise relaxation.
Seat Selection and Comfort Aids
Choosing the right seat can make a substantial difference. If possible, opt for a seat with extra legroom, such as an exit row (though these often have restrictions on who can occupy them) or a bulkhead seat. Seats over the wing tend to experience less turbulence. An aisle seat is highly recommended as it allows for easier access to the lavatory and the opportunity to stand up and walk the aisle more frequently without disturbing other passengers.
Bring your own comfort aids. A good quality neck pillow and a small cushion for lumbar support can be invaluable. Many pregnant travellers find a maternity support belt beneficial, providing extra support for the abdomen and lower back, especially during turbulence or extended periods of sitting. Wearing layers of clothing allows you to adjust to the cabin temperature, which can fluctuate.
Hydration, Nutrition, and Movement
As previously stressed, hydration is key. Carry a reusable water bottle and refill it after security. Avoid excessive caffeine and alcohol, as they can dehydrate you and potentially affect the baby. Choose water, fruit juices, or herbal teas. For nutrition, pack healthy snacks that are easy to digest and provide sustained energy. Avoid heavy, greasy, or spicy foods that might upset your stomach in the air.
Regular movement is crucial to prevent blood clots and reduce swelling. Aim to get up and walk the length of the cabin every 30-60 minutes. If you cannot get up, perform seated exercises: flex and point your feet, rotate your ankles, and gently move your legs. This simple routine promotes circulation and helps to alleviate stiffness and discomfort.
Ask the cabin crew if they can provide extra pillows or blankets; they are usually happy to assist, and a well-supported posture can prevent aches and pains.
Managing nausea is also part of ensuring comfort. If you are prone to it, ensure you have your chosen remedies to hand. Fresh air can sometimes help; use the overhead air vent directed at your face. Focusing on your breathing can also aid relaxation and help manage any anxiety or discomfort.
By implementing these comfort-focused strategies, you can ensure your flight is as pleasant as possible, allowing you to arrive at your destination feeling more rested and prepared for your trip.
What to Expect on Arrival and Post-Flight
Upon landing, the journey isn't quite over. The transition from the controlled environment of the aircraft to the new surroundings of your destination, coupled with the lingering effects of travel, requires continued attention to your well-being. Understanding what to expect and how to manage your immediate post-flight period can help ensure a smooth continuation of your travels or a comfortable return home.
The immediate aftermath of a flight can bring on a sense of fatigue, and your body may still be adjusting to different time zones or atmospheric conditions. For pregnant travellers, this period is an opportunity to consolidate the benefits of your preparations and mitigate any residual discomforts.
Immediate Post-Flight Actions
Once you disembark, take your time. Avoid rushing through the airport, especially if you are feeling tired or experiencing swelling. If you wore compression stockings, keep them on for a few hours after landing, as they continue to support circulation. Continue to drink water to rehydrate.
If you experience any unusual symptoms, such as severe pain, persistent dizziness, or shortness of breath, do not hesitate to seek medical attention. While rare, these could be indicators of a post-flight complication. In the UK, if you arrive at an airport, there are usually medical assistance points or information desks that can guide you.
Prioritise rest and hydration upon arrival at your accommodation. Unpack, change into comfortable clothing, and allow your body to recover from the journey. If you have travelled across time zones, begin adjusting to the local schedule for sleeping and eating as gradually as possible to minimise jet lag. This is particularly important during pregnancy, as fatigue can be amplified.
Longer-Term Well-being After Flying
For the first 24-48 hours after your flight, continue to be mindful of your body's signals. Listen to its needs for rest and nourishment. If you experienced significant swelling in your legs or ankles, continue with simple leg elevation and gentle exercises to promote fluid drainage.
If you have any concerns about your pregnancy following the flight – such as increased discomfort, reduced foetal movement, or any bleeding – contact your healthcare provider or midwife promptly. While flying is generally safe, it is always best to be cautious and seek professional advice if you feel something is not right.
For those returning to the UK, the same principles apply. Allow yourself time to recover from the journey. If you travelled internationally, ensure you are up-to-date with any relevant health advice for the UK. For instance, understanding the latest advice on flying with covid remains important for public health. If you experience any symptoms upon return, follow current NHS guidelines for testing and self-isolation if necessary.
Ultimately, enjoying your trip and returning home safely depends on a combination of thorough preparation before travel, mindful management during the flight, and attentive self-care upon arrival. By staying informed and prioritising your health, you can navigate flying when pregnant with confidence.
Expert Verdict: Flying When Pregnant UK
Flying when pregnant in the UK is a common and generally safe practice for the majority of expectant mothers, provided that careful consideration is given to individual health, airline policies, and travel timing. The consensus among medical professionals and aviation authorities is that for uncomplicated pregnancies, the risks associated with air travel are minimal, especially when standard precautions are observed. The second trimester, from approximately 16 to 28 weeks, is often highlighted as the optimal period for travel due to reduced nausea and fatigue, and lower risk of complications.
However, the overarching advice from experts is to always consult with your GP or midwife before making any travel plans. They can provide personalised guidance based on your specific health status, the progression of your pregnancy, and any potential risk factors. This consultation is not a mere formality but a crucial step in ensuring your safety and the well-being of your baby.
Key Takeaways for a Safe Journey
When planning to fly, whether domestically within the UK or internationally, adhering to these expert-recommended strategies is vital:
- Medical Clearance: Obtain confirmation from your healthcare provider that you are fit to fly, especially as your pregnancy advances.
- Airline Policy Adherence: Thoroughly research and comply with the specific pregnancy travel policies of your chosen airline, including any required documentation and gestational week cut-offs.
- Preventative Measures: Actively manage the risks of DVT and dehydration by staying hydrated, moving frequently, and wearing compression stockings if advised.
- Comfort Management: Prioritise comfort through seat selection, appropriate clothing, and personal comfort aids.
- Preparedness: Pack a well-organised carry-on with essentials, including medication, snacks, and necessary documentation.
The critical factor is informed decision-making, grounded in professional medical advice and a clear understanding of airline regulations.
While concerns about cabin pressure, radiation, and turbulence are understandable, for healthy pregnancies, these are generally not significant risks. The primary focus should remain on managing potential physical discomforts and the slightly elevated risk of DVT associated with prolonged immobility. By taking a proactive and informed approach, pregnant individuals can navigate air travel with confidence, ensuring a safe and comfortable experience for themselves and their developing baby.